Abstract:
The present research is motivated to make an ideal biomaterial which possessed high strength,
elastic modulus comparable to bone; good wear resistance and excellent biocompatibility. Since Ti and
its alloys are light weight, possessed excellent mechanical strength, high corrosion resistance and good
biocompatibility therefore they are frequently used in joint replacement, bone plates and screw, dental
root implant, vascular stents and spinal fixation devices. Commercial pure (CP) titanium is a good
candidate for biomedical application. However its low mechanical strength and surface hardness limits
its use in load bearing applications. On other hand Ti6Al4V and NiTi alloys are two most useable Ti
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alloys, but vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) hampered their properties, as both are toxic and produce the
allergic reaction. Therefore it is imperative to improve their surface properties to make them an ideal
biomaterial. A plasma surface modification is an attractive method to improve the surface properties of
biomaterials; because it is not only economic and efficient, but we can also tailor only surface properties
without any change in bulk. In present research work we performed three experiments to improve the
surface properties of Ti and its alloy using the glow discharge.
In first experiment, titanium oxynitride films were deposited on NiTi samples by high vacuum
magnetron sputtering for various nitrogen and oxygen gas flow rates. The composition of deposited film
was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results
reveal the presence of TiN, and rutile and anatase phases of TiO2 in the titanium oxynitride thin films.
Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping of samples after immersion in simulated body
fluids (SBF) shows that Ni is depleted from the surface and cell cultures corroborate the enhanced
biocompatibility in vitro.
In second experiment, zirconium oxide nanostructure thin film has been deposited on the surface
of Ti6Al4V alloy via plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (PIII&D) technique at the
various voltages 15, 20 and 25 KV. The chemical composition and surface morphology of deposited film
is characterized by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Atomic force microscope (AFM)
respectively. The XPS results confirm the formation of ZrO2 film. AFM results show the formation of
smooth film was formed with maximum roughness of 8.4 nm. The effects of the implantation voltages on
the wear characteristics are also investigated by pin-on-disk test. It is observed that wear resistance
improves with an increase in the applied voltage and is found to be maximum at 25 KV. Moreover the
nanohardness is improved in treated specimens and is almost doubled as compared to untreated specimen
at the maximum voltage. The variation in wear resistance and nanohardness is attributed to the formation
of hard nanostructure ZrO2 film on substrate surface.
In third experiment, Ti-Al-O composite film has been formed by using pulsed DC magnetron
sputtering system at various powers (100, 150, 200 watt). The effect of deposited film on mechanical
properties and biocompatibility of CP Ti has been studied. The composition of film has been examined
through X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Surface morphology of deposited film was observed using atomic
force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. It was found that surface
roughness of film increase with increasing plasma excitation power. To determine the strength of film,
tensile test was carried out using Universal testing machine. The hardness was also measured by Vickers
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microhardness tester. The results show that composite film improved the mechanical properties such as
YS, UTS and hardness of CP Ti without any reduction in percentage elongation. Moreover, the
biocompatibility of deposited film also performs by culturing the MC3T3-E1 cell for three days. Results
exhibit that composite film significantly improves the biocompatibility of titanium. Micrographs of cell
culture indicate that better cells growth/proliferation (elongated morphology) is observed on film prepared
at 150 watt.