Abstract:
Many pathogenic bacteria and fungi have been reported for causing numerous cases
of diseases, illness, and various disorders which have been of important concern to public
health. Commercial antimicrobial drugs have been used for combating infectious diseases for
past few decades but there are many drawbacks regarding indiscriminate use of antimicrobial
drugs including drug resistance, need for long term therapy, relatively high cost and treatment
failure. So , there is increasing efforts in finding safer and alternative means to reduce
microbial growth.
Plants derived natural products are big source of therapeutic drugs for treating various
health disorders, acting as potential alternates to antibiotics against infectious diseases. EOs
has been known for many decades for their biological activities and are widely used for
different
functions
such
as
bactericidal,
virucidal,
fungicidal,
insecticidal
and
pharmaceuticals. Antimicrobial activities of EOs results in the screening of a wide range of
plant species and their unique biologically active compounds. Mostly EOs consist of
chemical components such as terpenoid including monoterpenes, sequiterpenes and their
oxygenated derivatives.
The study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of some indigenous
essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation from spices such as Cuminum cyminum,
Amomum subulatum, Cinnamomum verum, Syzygium aromaticum and citrus peels such as
Citrus sinensis against Eschericia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtilis, multi drug resistant S. aureus (MDRSA) clinical isolates, Aspergillus flavus and
Candida albicans by performing the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) in vitro and in vivo wound healing activity and antibacterial effect of
EOs were studied in rabbits infected with S. aureus and treatment was done at infected site
immediatly with EOs. The phytochemical characterization of indigenous EOs and chemical
composition of EOs were analyzed by TLC and GC/MS. The antibacterial activities of the
components of indigenous EOs were analyzed by TLC-Bioautography.
Indigenous EOs showed significant antibacterial activity against all microbial species
tested but the highest antibacterial activity was showed against Gram positive bacteria, S.
aureus, which was highest by the EO of C. verum with inhibitory zones (34±2.0 mm). In case
of Gram negative bacteria such as E. coli, the widest spectrum of antibacterial activity was
exhibited by EO of C. sinensis (34±1.5 mm). The results of the antifungal activities indicatedthat volatile EOs were more effective against fungi as compared to bacteria and C. albicans
was more susceptible as compared to A. flavus. The EO of C. sinensis had excellent
inhibitory activity with the biggest zone of inhibition (55±0.5 mm) against C. albicans and
also against A. flavus with wide inhibition zone (53.6±0.8 mm). Results indicated that EOs
showed much greater inhibitory activity as compared to the positive control. The result of
MICs of indigenous EOs showed that C. sinensis EO was most effective in inhibiting the
growth of both bacteria and fungi i.e. E. coli and C. albicans, showing the lowest MIC of
0.0007±0.0001 mg/ ml and 0.0007±0.0006 mg/ ml.
Wound healing activity showed that rabbits treated with indigenous EOs showed
significantly efficient wound healing activity after 4- 8 days of S. aureus infection depending
on the concentration of indigenous EO applied as compared to antibiotic used. Most efficient
healing was showed by C. verum EO and C. sinensis EO, which not only healed wound
completely after 4 days of infection with dose of 1.5 mg/ml of EOs applied topically only
once, but also caused remarkable decreased in viable S. aureus count after 6 days from
7.4×10 6 cfu to 7.6×10 5 cfu and 7.5×10 6 cfu to 7.3×10 5 cfu respectively.
GC/MS analysis of indigenous EOs depicted that C. cyminum EO contained
Cuminaldehyde 11.5% and ɣ-Terpinene 15.48 %, A. subulatum EO contained major
component eucalyptol 5.2 %, C. verum EO contained t-cinnamaldehyde 4.3 % and C. sinensis
EO showed that dipentene 0.62 % as a major component was present. These major
components of indigenous EOs were confirmed by TLC- bioautography, using microbial
culture i.e. E. coli, B. subtilis, S. typhi, S. aureus, MDRSA-1 and MDRSA-2 and it was
confirmed that they were bioactive components responsible for the antimicrobial activity by
showing zone of inhibition against microorganisms on TLC plate which were comparable by
reference standards having similar Rf value.
It was concluded that EOs extracted from indigenous plants showed more effective
antimicrobial activity against microorganisms in vitro as well as in vivo as compared to the
positive and negative control. Chemical composition of indigenous EOs by GC/ MS provided
good source for isolation and identification of bio active components. TLC- Bioautographic
assay proved efficient method for confirming the presence of bioactive compounds against
test bacterium indicating. Hence, EOs proved to be the good substitute of antibiotics against
test microorganisms.