Abstract:
Potentials of five locally isolated white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatsus IBL-02,
Phanerochaete chrysosporium IBL-03, Coriolus versicolor IBL-04, Ganoderma lucidum
IBL-05, and Schizophyllum commune IBL-06, for biodegradation of textile dyes
commonly used in Fasalabd texile dyeing process units, were investigated. Dyes
(Reactive, Disperse, Direct and Vat) dyes were provided free of cost from Clarient (pvt)
limited, Ciba (pvt) limited and Dyestar (pvt) limited. Reactive dyes included Drimarine
Blue K2RL, Cibacron blue FG3A, Drimarine Orange KGL, Drimarine Brilliant Red
K4BL, Prucion Blue PX5R, and Remazol Brilliant Yellow 3G. The dyes of disperse class
were Foron Turquize SBLN-200, Foron Blue RDGLN, Foron Red RDRBLS and Foron
Yellow SE4G. Direct dyes group comprised of Solar Golden Yellow R, Solar Brilliant
Red BA, Solar Orange RSN and Solar Blue A and Vat dyes included were Cibanon Blue
BFMD, Cibanon Golden Yellow RK-MD, Indanthrene Direct Black RBS.
White Rot fungi cultures were applied on reactive dyes and a combination of best
fungus and best decolorized dye was selected. Reactive Remazole Brilliant Yello3-GL
was maximally decolorized by coriolus versicolor in 7 days of incubation and it was
processed for further process optimization. Activities of LiP, MnP and laccase were124,
254 and 354 IU/mL were respectively. The C. versicolor strain decolorized 0.01% dye up
to 99.6% in 24 hours in Kirk’s medium, I; pH, 4, temperature, 30±20C with the addition
of 1% Glucose, 0.1% CSL, 1mM ABTS and CuSO4. Activities of MnP and laccase were
389 and 795 IU/Ml. Adsorption on fungal mycelia was negligible in 0.01 % dye solution
but it increased with higher dye the concentration.
Disperse dyes were also subjected to decolorization by WRF cultures and
maximum decolorization (91.87%) of Foron Turquoise SBLN-200 was caused by
Ganoderma lucidumon on 8th day. After optimization of varying media ompositions the
dye was effectively decolorized in medium IV which was nitrogen rich and its lignolytic
enzyme profile was 282, 115 and 116 IU/mL for LiP, MnP and laccase respectively on
7th day of incubation. Further process of optimization revealed that 99.20% dye was
degraded in solution receiving 0.01% dye concentration with production of LiP, MnP
nand laccase
(636, 531and 382 IU/mL respectiely) under optimum conditions
(MediumIV; pH 4.5, temperature, 35±20C, in the presence of 1.5%wheat bran, 0.1% of
MGM60%, 1mM Veratryl Alcohol and 1mM MnSO4).
Direct dyes like reactive and disperse were subjected to decolorization by WRF and
screening experiment proved that Pleurotus ostreatus was efficient in decolorizing Solar
Golden Yellow R up to 93.10% in 7 days. After optimization of media composition the
dye color removal reached at 98.86% in MediumIII and activities of Lip,MnP, AND
laccase were 61,163 and 140 IU/ML respectively. Uner Complete optimum conditions (
at pH 3.5 and temperature 30±20C in presene of 1.0% Wheat Bran, 0.05% of MGM
(60%), 1Mm of H2O2 and FeSO4 maximum dye decolorization was achieved in 24 hours
of incubation. Activities of major enzymes MnP and Lac were 687 and 376 IU/mL
respectively. Dye adsorption was negligible.
Vat dyes usually were not soluble in water and dye solution were prepared in
dilute NaOH. sluccinic Acid was used to adjust optimum pH. Of all WRF cultures
applied on vat dyes, C.versicolor showed maximum decolorization (92.32%) of Cibanon
Blue GFJ-MD in 6 days of incubation in Kirk’s basal medium. After media compositions
optimization the dye was degraded up to 97.12% in medium II and enzyme activies were
54, 35 and 185 IU/m. After the completion of process optimization medium II ; pH, 4 ;
temperature, 30±20C; Glucose, 1%; 1m M ABTS and CuSO4. 0.01% Cibanon Blue GFJ-
MD was degraded up to 99.12% in 24 hours. Major enzyme involved in dye degradation
was laccase and its was 595 IU/mL. Dye adsorption was 0.06% after 24 hours of
incubation which declined with the passage of time, due to degradation of dyes by the
enzymes. Addition of nitrogen showed inhibitory effect on fungal enzyme activities and
dye removal.