Abstract:
Mental Retardation (MR) or cognitive impairment is the most common and unsolved
socio-economic problem in healthcare. MR is the condition with sub-average intellectual
functioning, impairment in at least two of the adaptive skills (communication ability, self
care, reading and writing ability etc) and onset before 18 year of age. Currently extensive
knowledge exists regarding X-linked MR (217 loci and 98 genes) but only thirty loci and
six genes for autosomal recessive NSMR have been discovered to date.
In the current study five consanguineous Pakistani families were recruited for clinical and
molecular analysis. Clinical investigations include the intelligence quotience (IQ)
estimation (amended standard questionnaire), biometric data collection, computed
tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) and biochemical testing.
These investigations clearly indicate segregation of nonsyndromic mental retardation
(NSMR) in these families except family A, which segregate autosomal recessive
syndromic mental retardation. After clinical analysis, whole genome SNP genotyping
with 500K Nsp array was carried out in the selected individuals of all families to perform
homozygosity mapping followed by copy number analysis and microsatellite based
genotyping.
The clinical analysis of family A grossly showed myopathy (abnormal spectrum of EMG
and elevated level of LDH enzyme), strabismus, neck webbing, facial deformities and
poor developmental milestone. The family A was mapped to MRT5 locus, spanning over
the region of 2.51 Mb [from 5,145,028 to 7,657,537 bp {May 2004 (NCBI35/hg17)}].
The subsequent mutation analysis of candidate genes identified a novel misssense
(c.2100G>A) mutation in exon 19 of NSUN2 gene, which leads to substitution of Gly
(GGA) with Arg (AGA) at amino acid position 679 (p.G679R). The subsequent
expression studies of mutated NSUN2 encoded protein exhibited abnormal expression in
cytoplasm indicating an important role of glycine residue, in protein localization and
biogenesis.
The family B with severe MR associated with speech disability and aggressive attitude
was presented as segregating NSMR. Whole genome scan mapped this family to a 12.494
Mb region on chromosome 8. The identified HBD interval was flanked by rs6989820 and
rs2237834 and harbors MCPH1 and TUSC3 genes, but sequencing of MCPH1 gene
failed to reveal presence of pathogenic variant in the affected individuals of this family.
The CNV analysis of the whole genome data identified a novel 170.63 Kb {Feb.2009
(GRCh37/hg19)} deletion in TUSC3 gene spanning entire gene except its promoter and
first exon.
Gross clinical spectrum (skeletal, microcephalic, neurologic symptoms) of family C was
normal therefore it was treated as nonsyndromic MR family. This family was mapped to
2p25.3-p25.2 locus during exclusion mapping of known loci of ARNSMR. The identified
region spans over the length of 6.57 Mb with a centromeric boundary defined by a
recombination event involving markers D2S281 and D2S2166. This region has 21 protein
coding genes but the sequence analysis of eight candidate genes in the linked interval did
not revealed any pathogenic mutation.
Molecular analysis of family D identified multiple homozygous regions on chromosomes
1, 3, 10, 20 and 22 (with positive hits on the basis of SNP data of four individuals) but the
microsatellite genotyping in complete family ruled out loci on chromosome 1, 3 and 10.
The linkage analysis, performed for all characterized homozygous loci, generated highest
LOD score of 2.1039 at D20S602. Region of homozygosity on chromosome 20 was
flanked by SNPs rs6140226 and rs6074396, delineating a minimum critical region of
4.998 Mb {Feb.2009 (GRCh37/hg19)}. This minimum critical region contains BTBD3
gene but the sequence analysis ruled out the presence of any pathogenic variant in the
affected individuals of family D. So these findings either indicate involvement of other
gene in this region or leading to the complex genetics by considering loci on chromosome
20 and 22 as responsible factors.
The homozygosity mapping of family E revealed a single short HBD region on 2p12
from rs17020436 to rs11678145 which delineated a 1.1 Mb region. This short interval
harbor one gene, four mRNAs and three spliced ESTs. The genetic player responsible for
MR in this family can be identified by using next generation sequencing of the identified
HBD to screen the pathogenic variants segregating with disease phenotype.
The present work has shown that genetic players are associated with the significant
number of Pakistani families with MR. The current study provides further support
regarding genetic heterogeneity of MR in Pakistan, thus is a significant contribution
towards the elucidation of common and emerging molecular pathways related to
cognition/learning. Our study also signifies the importance of methylation in the
development and functioning of the cognition and it is anticipated that additional players
will be identified in future studies which have similar functions.
The work presented in this thesis results in the following publications
1. Khan MA, Rafiq MA, Noor A, Ali N, Ali G, Vincent JB, Ansar M. A novel
deletion mutation in the TUSC3 gene in a consanguineous Pakistani family with
autosomal recessive nonsyndromic intellectual disability. BMC Med Genet
2011; 22;12(1):56.
2. Rafiq MA, Ansar M, Marshall CR, Noor A, Shaheen N, Mowjoodi A, Khan MA,
Ali G, Amin-ud-Din M, Feuk L, Vincent JB, Scherer SW. Mapping of three novel
loci for non-syndromic autosomal recessive mental retardation (NS-ARMR) in
consanguineous families from Pakistan. Clin Genet 2010;78:478-83.
3. Khan MA, Rafiq MA, Noor A, Ansar M, Windpassinger C, Vincent JB. A novel
gene, NSUN2, causes a new MR syndrome in a Pakistani origin family.
Manuscript in preparation for submission to Nature Genetics.