Abstract:
Thermal energy harvesting devices have many promising applications due to no emission of
greenhouse gases during the process. Thermoelectric generators convert heat (temperature
gradient) to electricity and thus the waste heat from different energy sources such as heat
engines, automobiles and industry can be recovered to generate electricity. Therefore,
thermoelectric devices are promising candidates for energy harvesting technologies. The
characterization of thin film based organic semiconducting materials is a rapidly developing
research and has received great attention because of their applications in low cost fabrication of
electronic and photonic devices, such as, light sensitive junction diodes, sensors, solar cells,
field-effect transistors, etc. In the research work reported in this dissertation thermoelectric,
electrical, and photonic properties of the semiconducting thin films are undertaken for potential
applications in the development of cost effective thermal energy harvesting technologies and
electronic devices.
In part I of this dissertation, energy harvesting from solution grown semiconductors via
thermoelectric effect are discussed. For thermoelectric applications, three materials are
investigated. The first material used is lead sulfide (PbS) grown from solution due to its inherent
property of scalability. The solution grown PbS film consists of nanoclusters and has a high
Seebeck coefficient, 450μV/K. The high Seebeck coefficient may be the result of increased
contributions from junctions and boundary scattering of carriers occurring at interfaces between
nanocrystallites, consistent with the scanning electron microscopy study of the film morphology.
The solution-grown PbS technology may be well suited for energy-harvesting applications.
The second and third materials are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and organic polymer Poly(3,4-
ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). In a homogeneous system (CNTs
or PEDOT:PSS alone), the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity are interlocked by the
Boltzman transport equation. Thus a heterogeneous layered system on a nano scale is developed
from CNTs and PEDOT:PSS film to weaken the Boltzman transport and thus change the
Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity somewhat independently. Thus the thermoelectric
properties are enhanced by making heterogeneous system.
viiIn part II, the electrical properties of sandwich type heterojunctions are presented. Thin film of
organic material cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) were deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation
on p- and n-Si with aluminum (Al) as top electrode. The charge transport mechanism was studied
and the mobility of the organic thin films, with p- and n-Si as substrate, was calculated. Different
parameters of the junctions were extracted from the electrical characteristics such as rectification
ratio, reverse saturation current, series/shunt resistances, ideality factor and barrier height. The
effect of light on current-voltage characteristics were also studied to show the photonic behavior
of CoPc/n-Si heterojunction. The electrical characterization is useful as preliminary studies for
further utilization of the CoPc in other electronic devices.