Abstract:
Due to rapid increase in car ownership and other related factors we often experience traffic
Jam at intersections with formation of long queues. This is a common phenomenon in major
cities of Pakistan. In order to solve this problem it is necessary to review the traffic signal
setting. For a particular junction cycle time is an important parameter to minimize delay
which ultimately causes formation of long queues and accidents. The most important
factors in determining the optimum cycle time is saturation flow and lost time. Direct
measurement of saturation flow is obviously desirable to achieve satisfactory results, but in
case of new intersection, results from measurements of saturation flow are being estimated
from the work of previous researchers. In case of Pakistan where no standard value of
saturation flow and lost time are available pertaining to local traffic condition, values used in
developed countries are being applied resulting in non achievement of optimum cycle time.
This thesis describes experimental research which is carried out for estimating the
saturation flow and lost time under local conditions of Karachi. Data was collected by video
recording of traffic flow at eighteen (18) signalized intersections along two major arterials,
namely Shahra-e-Faisal and M.A. Jinnah Road, of Karachi city. Recorded data was
analyzed in laboratory to retrieve the information on the headway of all the vehicles in
saturated cycles. The analysis of PCU values were carried out by comparing the average
car headway with the average headway other vehicle type.
Different studies show a great deal of variations in saturation flow rates and start-up lost
times. This indicates a lack of stability. This is acknowledged in the HCM. Due to these
instabilities, the HCM recommends that local data collection be performed to produce more
accurate estimates of local saturation flow rates and start-up lost times.
It is a known fact that there are close relationships between intersection characteristics and
saturation flow. Empirical relationships have been developed for estimation of saturation
flow and lost time for many countries such as Great Britain, Australia, U.S.A, Bangkok,
Malaysia, India and Bangladesh etc but such relationship not developed for Pakistan as yet.
vAn effort has been made in this research to derive empirical relationship between
intersection characteristics (approach width) and saturation flow. Appropriate PCU values
as per local traffic conditions have been calculated for saturation flow estimation. This is for
the first time in Pakistan that such values, based on local traffic, has been calculated.
In this thesis, an effort has been made to establish relationship between saturation flow and
approach width and comparison of the results of has been carried out with previous work
done. The major focus of this thesis is on measurement of departure headways at selected
signalized intersections in Karachi (Pakistan) and to gather as much basic information as
possible which can be used in the analysis of the collected data as required in the thesis.
As outcome of the research, relationship has been established, through predictive models,
for the estimation of saturation flow in Pakistan. The results obtained have a very practical
application potential in Karachi and in urban areas of similar traffic characteristics.