Abstract:
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) locally known as “arind” or “arindi” is non-
edible oilseed crop with enormous significance having almost 700 uses. Keeping in
view the potential of castor as a cash crop, a study was carried out to investigate
germination rate index (GRI) of different cultivars, optimum sowing date and
appropriate seed source for adaptability, stand establishment and suitability under
diverse environmental conditions of Pothowar (Pakistan). For the purpose, a hypothesis
was developed “Castor bean can be economically beneficial cop of Pothwar region”
To evaluate this hypothesis, three types of experiments including in vitro
experiments, sowing date and seed source trials were conducted. In vitro experiments
were of two types. In the first experiment, the seed of four castor bean cultivars (DS-30,
PR-7/1, PR-101, Local) was conditioned to different moisture levels i.e. 0, -700 and -
1400 kPa under different temperature levels (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C) in growth
chamber to determine germination rate index. The results showed that GRI of cultivars
differed significantly on the basis of temperature and moisture levels. The cultivar DS-
30 showed the highest GRI value followed by PR-101 and minimum value for Local
cultivar. All the cultivars showed a downward trend for germination at 10°C and 15°C
at -1400 kPa osmotic pressure. In the second experiment, seed of commercial cultivar,
DS-30 was collected from three different locations of Bahawalpur, Faisalabad and
Tandojam and tested under same temperature and moisture levels as in first experiment.
Germination rate index differed significantly with respect to seed sources as well as
temperature regimes. Maximum germination rate index was observed in the Faisalabad
seed source followed by the Tandojam seed source, while the Bahawalpur seed source
xxishowed the lowest germination rate index value. As regards moisture levels, the highest
GRI value was noted in 0 kPa (control) while minimum at -1400kPa.
Regarding field trials, the same four cultivars as used in in vitro trial, were sown
in July and August during 2004 and 2005 with four sowing dates (15 th July, 30 th July,
15 th August, 30 th August) at three locations (Islamabad, Attock, Chakwal). The cultivar
DS-30 had greater emergence percentage, plant height, seed yield, number of capsules
plant -1 , seed weight plant -1 , 100-seed weight and yield ha -1 than the other cultivars.
Similarly the crop planted in July gave significantly better results compared to August
sowing. The cultivar DS-30 had higher oil content, oil yield, palmitic acid and linoleic
acid, whereas ricinoleic acid was comparable to other cultivars. The highest value for
ricinoleic was found in Local cultivar. To determine the better seed source for
Pothowar Plateau, DS-30 seed produced under different temperature and rainfall
patterns (Faisalabad, Tandojam, Bahawalpur) was tested in the second field trial at
same three locations as used in sowing date trial. Faisalabad seed source performed
better regarding most of the growth parameters as compared to others. Tandojam seed
source crop produced higher oil content and protein percentages compared to the rest of
seed sources. However, seed source has a nominal effect on oil content, protein percent
and fatty acid profile.
As castor been cultivation in Pakistan has been on a regular decline since 1979,
its cultivation is now restricted to marginal areas of the country and Pothwar region of
Punjab. In order to revive its cultivation, it was imperative to conduct an ex ante
economic analysis with other competing crops of the area to examine its diffusion
potential in Pothwar region. Moreover, the relative success of castor bean cultivation in
different parts of the region was also carried out to assess its potential at different
xxiirainfall zones of the area. Our findings show that castor bean cultivation can be a
profitable option for farmers as a kharif crop provided it is planted at optimum time
(July) along with high yielding cultivar (DS-30). Stability analysis of four castor bean
cultivars over three locations revealed that PR-101 is the stable cultivar at all three
locations of Pothowar although its yield was comparatively lower than DS-30.
However, DS-30 can also be appropriate cultivar for all the locations especially
Islamabad and Attock as its yield was highest among the cultivars.