Abstract:
The present investigation is based on a study of the photodegradation of ascorbic
acid (vitamin C) in organic solvents and in oil-in-water cream preparations containing a
combination of emulsifying agents and humectants. It also involves the study of the effect
of other vitamins (riboflavin, nicotinamide and alpha-tocopherol) and certain compounds
acting as stabilizing agents (citric acid, tartaric acid and boric acid) on the rate of
photodegradation of ascorbic acid in cream preparations. The photodegradation of
ascorbic acid in organic solvents and cream preparations (pH 4.0–7.0) leads to the
formation of dehydroascorbic acid which is also biologically active. The kinetics of
photodegradation of ascorbic acid alone and in combination with other vitamins in
creams has been studied using a UV spectrophotometric method and the official
iodimetric method, respectively. These methods were validated in the presence and
absence of other vitamins / stabilizing agents under the experimental conditions
employed. The recoveries of ascorbic acid in creams are in the range of 90–96% and the
reproducibility of the analytical methods is within ± 5%.
The apparent first-order rate constants (k obs ) for the photodegradation of ascorbic
acid in aqueous / organic solvents (0.29–0.40 × 10 –3 min –1 ) and in creams (0.44–1.42 ×
10 –3 min –1 ) have been determined. A linear relationship has been observed between k obs
and solvent dielectric constant / reciprocal of solvent viscosity indicating the dependence
of the rate of photodegradation on solvent characteristics.
In the creams the photodegradation of ascorbic acid appears to be affected by the
concentration of other vitamins, pH of the medium, carbon chain length of the
emulsifying agents (myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid), viscosity of the
ivhumectant (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerin) and redox potentials of
ascorbic acid. The study indicates that the relative polar character of the emulsifying
agent and the ionized state and redox potential of ascorbic acid at a particular pH are
important factors in the photodegradation of ascorbic acid in creams.
The second-order rate constants (k′) (3.20 × 10 –2 – 1.89 M –1 min –1 ) for the
photochemical interaction of ascorbic acid and the individual vitamins (riboflavin,
nicotinamide, alpha-tocopherol) along with the values of k 0 obtained from the intercepts
of the plots of k obs versus vitamin concentration are also reported. The values of k 0
indicate that riboflavin and nicotinamide act as photosensitizing agents, and alpha-
tocopherol acts as a stabilizing agent in the photodegradation of ascorbic acid in the
creams. The k obs verses pH profiles for the photodegradation of ascorbic acid in creams
represents sigmoid type curves indicating the oxidation of the ionized form (AH – ) of
ascorbic acid (pKa 1 4.1), with pH. The AH – species appears to be more susceptible to
photooxidation than the non-ionized form of ascorbic acid. The effect of stabilizing
agents on the photodegradation of ascorbic acid has been found to be in the order of citric
acid > tartaric acid > boric acid. The low activity of boric acid may be to some extent due
to its interaction with the emulsifying agents and humectants. The polarity of the
emulsifying acids also plays a part in the rate of degradation of ascorbic acid. Reaction
schemes for the photodegradation of ascorbic acid and its photochemical interaction with
riboflavin, nicotinamide and alpha-tocopherol have been presented.