Abstract:
Leptochloa fusca L. is a halophyte plant from the Poaceae family and is also locally
known as kallar grass. It is a perennial, summer-growing, forage grass that is now
cultivated in many parts of the Pakistan and India. It is highly tolerant to salinity,
sodicity, water logging and high soil pH. Plants have evolved a variety of adaptation
mechanisms against salt stress, such as; restricting the uptake of environmental Na + ;
increasing the efflux of Na + from the cell; and sequestering Na + into the large
intracellular
vacuole
to
reduce
Na +
accumulation
in
the
cytosol.
Compartmentalization of the Na + into vacuoles can be accomplished by the action of
Na + /H + antiporters in the vacuolar membrane. They catalyze the exchange of Na + for
H + across tonoplast membranes using the proton gradient generated by the vacuolar
H + -ATPase and H + -pyrophosphatase (PPase). The function of the NHX1 antiporter
depends upon free H + provided by protons pumps. The objectives of the study were to
isolate H + -pyrophosphatase and Na + /H + antiporter genes from Leptochloa fusca and
characterize for salt and drought tolerance. During present study the full length H + -
PPase and NHX1 genes were isolated from cDNA of L. fusca using degenerate
primers generated from corresponding sequences of plants of the Poaceae family. The
L. fusca H + -PPase (LfVP1) cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of
2,292 bp, coding for a polypeptide of 764 amino acids. The LfVP1 sequence showed
91% identity with Z. mays H + -PPase, 90 % with S. bicolor and 80 % with A. thaliana
H + -PPase. The L. fusca NHX1 cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame
of 1,623 bp coding for a polypeptide of 541 amino acids. The L. fusca NHX1 gene
sequence showed 88 % identity with S. bicolor and 87 % with Z. mays genes. The
LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were characterized using various online bioinformatics
tools; hydrophobicity plots; 2 dimensional transmembrane structures; and protein 3
dimensional structures. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were cloned under the control
of Gal promoter in a Gateway ® yeast expression vector and transformed in rg9
(control); ena1 and ena1;nhx1 yeast mutants. Yeast complementation assay on
hygromycin plates showed that overexpression of the LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes
suppressed the hygromycin susceptibility phenotype in yeast mutants. The LfVP1 and
LfNHX1 were also cloned under control of the 35S, 2X-35S, ZmUbi and OsAct
promoters using the Gateway ® technology. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were
transferred in tobacco through Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation under
xvicontrol of the 35S promoter and characterized for salt and drought tolerance. The
LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic lines showed higher levels of relative water contents,
stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, membrane stability index and more
negative value of leaf osmotic potential as compared to wild type control plants. The
LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants were able to germinate and maintain their
growth at to 200 mM and 250 mM NaCl. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants
also showed better germination at 2 mg L - Basta ® ( glufosinate-ammonium ) . The
LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were also transformed in wheat under ZmUbi promoter.
Putative transgenic plants were confirmed through PCR amplification and leaf
bioassays.