Abstract:
Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) provide better heat transfer performance
and operational flexibility and are being used in many process, chemical and
refrigeration industries. However, their effective use in industries requires
accurate heat transfer and pressure drop performance data.
An extensive literature survey is presented to document existing literature
available and highlight the importance of present study. This survey
demonstrated that although considerable single phase work has been carried out
on the performance of plate heat exchangers, however, existing single phase
correlations have large disagreement and limited applicability. Limited two
phase experimental results, using CFCs and HFCs as refrigerants are available on
PHEs but very few data are reported for natural refrigerants in PHEs.
The main objective of this project is to experimentally investigate thermo-
hydraulic characteristics of a commercial chevron plate heat exchanger in single
and two phase applications with and without lubricant effects and develop
generalized correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor.
The design and setup details of the experimental facility and data
acquisition system are described. Steady state single phase (water to water) and
two phase (ammonia evaporation) experiments were performed to investigate
heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a commercial plate heat
exchanger. Effects of plate geometry, heat flux and Reynolds number are
considered in the single phase experiments. Experiments were performed for
30°/30°
(soft),
60°/60°
(hard)
and
30°/60°
(mixed)
chevron
plate
configurations. For single phase experiments, Reynolds number (Re) is varied
from 500 to 2,500 while the Prandtl number ranged between 3.5 and 6.0.
Experimental data show strong influence of plate geometry and Reynolds
number on the heat transfer and pressure drop in the plate heat exchanger.
Considering the possible measurement errors, the experimental Nusselt number
and friction factor data have an uncertainty of ±6.5% and 2.4% respectively.
Based on experimental data generalized correlation to estimate single phase
Nusselt number (Nusp) incorporating effects of plate geometry, Re and varying
fluid properties has been proposed.
The Nusp correlation represents
experimental data within a ±2% error band for symmetric plate configurations
with maximum deviation of ±4% for mixed plate configuration. The plate specific
fsp correlations represent experimental data within a ±5% error band.
The two phase steady state experiments, using ammonia as refrigerant,
have also been performed on symmetric plate configurations, 60°/60°, 30°/30°
and a mixed 30°/60° plate configuration. Experiments are conducted for -2°C, -
9°C, -14.5°C, -19.5°C and -25°C saturation temperatures. Majority of the
experiments were conducted for 0.5 < exit vapor quality < 0.9 which is the range
of interest. The range of other important parameters are; 1,225 < equivalent
Reynolds number < 3,000 and 21 kW/m2 < heat flux < 44 kW/m2. For all three
geometric configurations, the effects of mass flux, heat flux, saturation
temperature, exit vapor quality (x) and equivalent Reynolds number (Reeq) are
considered on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the plate
heat exchanger. The two phase heat transfer coefficient (htp) is found to increase
with an increase in the chevron angle for the entire range of heat flux and exit
vapor quality. It also increased with an increase in saturation temperature. The
uncertainty in experimental Nusselt number data is found to be maximum for
low saturation temperature (-25°C) and is less than ±10%. Nucleate flow boiling
dominated the low vapor quality regime (0.1 < x < 0.4) while convective boiling
appears to play major role in the high vapor quality regime (0.5 < x < 0.8). Dry-
out phenomenon is also observed for exit vapor quality beyond 0.8. Based on the
experimental data a generalized correlation is proposed to estimate the two
phase Nusselt number. The two phase Fanning friction factor decreased with an
increase in Reeq. However, it is found to increase with an increase in saturation
temperature. Considering all data measurement errors, an uncertainty of ±2.6%
is found in the experimental friction factor data. Correlations to estimate two
phase friction factor are also developed.
Effect of miscible oil on the thermal-hydraulic performance of the plate
heat exchanger has also been investigated. Experiments were conducted on the
mixed plate configuration for five temperatures ranging between -2°C and -25°C
with miscible oil concentrations of 3%, 6% and 9% by volume in liquid ammonia.
The experimental results of miscible oil/ammonia mixture have been compared
with pure ammonia data. The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase with
an increase in oil concentration up to 3% but reduced with further increase in oil
concentration. However, the effect of oil concentration is not significant on
pressure drop, especially, at high saturation temperatures. At low saturation
temperature and high oil concentration values, the pressure drop increased with
a decrease in the saturation temperature. An uncertainty of about ± 10% is found
in experimental two phase heat transfer coefficient data, while an uncertainty of
less than ±3% is found in the experimental friction factor data. Generalized
Nusselt number and friction factor correlations incorporating effects of oil
concentration, Reeq, equivalent Boiling number, plate geometry and reduced
pressure have been proposed. These correlations represent experimental data
quite well. All experimental data are compared with previously published works.