dc.description.abstract |
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence has not been well established.
The aim of this study was to define prospectively non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
(NASH) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence in hospitalized and
ambulatory patients 20-65 years old during June 2013 to June 2014 were selected
from Combined Military Hospital Peshawar Cantonment area. A base line
questionnaire and right upper quadrant ultrasound was completed by all patients. On
identifications of fatty liver among the selected cases further lab test data and liver
biopsy reports were obtained. Mean BMI of female was 29.9 ± 5.65 while prevalence
of hypertension and diabetes were 49.8% and 16.6% respectively. Among all patients
62% were Punjabis, 23% were Pathans while 12% were Sindhies. Overall NAFLD
prevalence was 47% while NASH was confirmed in 20 patients (12.3% of total and
30%of ultrasound positive patients). Pathans had the highest prevalence of NAFLD
(58.5%) as compared to Punjabi’s (44.5%) and Sindhies (35.3%). Pathans also had a
higher prevalence of NASH compared with Punjabies (19.5% VS 10%: p-value=
.03). In general NAFLD patients were more prevalent among male (59%), Diabetic
(p-value <0.00005), hypertensive (p-value< 0.00005) and older (p-value< 0.005).
They consumed more fast food (p-value = 0.049) had a higher BMI (p-value<0.0005)
and had little or no exercise as compared to their normal or non NAFLD counter parts
(p-value= 0.02). NAFLD was found in 75% and NASH in 22.5% among the 26
diabetic patients. ALT, AST, BMI, insulin, quantitative insulin sensitivity checks
index and cytokeratin – 18 correlated with NASH. It was concluded that NAFLD and
NASH prevalence is higher than estimated previously, Pathans and Patients with
diabetes are at high risk.In this part of the study, the effects of tablets Nigella Sativa
on fatty liver disease in rats were determined. Fatty liver disease are increasing worldwide due to physical inactivity and
increased fructose intake in processed foods. The seeds and oil of the plant Nigella
Sativa have been widely used in various countries of the world to promote health and
cure disease.
The study was conducted on 52 aged (16-18 months) male albino rats to
investigate the effect of Nigella sativa tablets dietary supplementation on fatty liver
disease. Rats were randomly divided in; Group-I (Control rats C) (n = 20) fed
standard rat diet; Group-II (Fatty liver Group-F) (n=14) fed high fructose diet (diet
having 60% fructose w/w) and Group-III (Fatty liver/ Nigella sativaGroup-F/NS) (n =
18) fed Group-F diet but mixed with crushed tablets (1.6 g/kg) in order to achieve
Nigella sativa daily intake of 170mg/kg b.w. During this study rats were monitored
for daily food intake and weekly body weight. The parameters including body weight
final, BMI, liver weight, serum glucose,insulin, HOMA-R, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c,
vLDL-c, Adiponectin, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin were monitored after six
weeks in the selected group of rats. The rats livers, brains and kidneys
histopathological examination were also carried out.The Real-Time PCR(RT- PCR)
of superoxide dismutase (Sod1, Sod2) and DNA glycosylase (Ogg1, MutY) were used
for the detection ofenzymatic antioxidant defense system. The western blot anlysis of
OGG1 expression was used for the detection of DNA repaire. Our results show that
that there was a significant increase in visceral fat weight in Group-F compared to
Group-C and a significant decrease in Group-F/NS compared to Group-F. Both
Group-F and Group-F/NS had significant increase in glucose fasting, insulin, HOMA
R, TC, LDL-c, vLDL-c, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin. While a significant
decrease in serum adiponectin compared to Group-C. However, Group-F/NS showed
significant decrease in serum glucose fasting, insulin, HOMA-R, TC, LDL-c, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin as well adiponectin increased significantly compared to
Group-F. Histopathological examination in Group-F showed vascular congestion in
the liver, kidneys, necrosis of renal tubular cells as well as focal cerebral hemorrhage
while Group-F/NS showed almost normal histology. Gene expression of antioxidant
defense mechanism: Sod1, Sod2, Ogg1 and MutY decreased significantly in the
Group-F but reversed by the Nigella Sativa tablets co-administeration in Group-F/NS.
Nigella sativa crushed tablets co-feeding with higher fructose diet showed
significant decrease in serum level of glucose fasting, insulin, total cholesterol(TC),
LDL-c, HOMA-R, TNF-α, AST, ALT and bilirubin and a significant increase in
serum adiponectin in fatty liver disease in aged rats. TheNigella Sativa tablets role in
attenuation of hepatic oxidative DNA damage in Group-F/NS may be mediated by up
regulation of the antioxidant defense mechanism and oxidative DNA repair activity.
The clinical benefits of the Nigella Sativa treatment in the shape of diminution of
oxidative damage may explain its role in patients with fatty liver disease.
In this part of our study the ad-on effects of tablets Nigella Sativa on different
clinical and biochemical parameters in human were determined. Metabolic
syndrome and its associated complications have been reported to be extensively
increased worldwide. The seeds and oil of the plant Nigella Sativa have been widely
used globally to cure various disease and promote health since ancient times
especially in the Southeast Asia and in the mejority of the Middle East countries. A
lot of work has been done already on this plant. This prospective clinical study was
designed to evaluate the ad-on effect of tablets Nigella Sativa on different parameters
in fatty liver disease. This clinical study was conducted in medicine departement of a
tertiary health care facility the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Peshawar
cantonment from June 2013 to May 2014. After considering inclusion and exclusion criteria and final diagnoses, 60 patients in this prospective study were enrolled. Upon
approval from hospital ethical committee all the patients were properly consented in
writing and were informed about study scope, Patients were equally distributed in two
groups containing 30 each. In Group-1 (Control group) Patients were given Tab
Metformine 500mg PO BD and Tab Rosuvastatine 10mg PO at night for a period of
six weeks while in Group-II (Nigella Sativa treated group) in additions to standard
treatment tablets Nigella sativa 600mg PO BD for a duration of six weeks were given.
The parameters including waist circumference, body weight, body mass index, lipid
profile, Blood sugar fasting and post parandial, Liver functions test (LFT’s) and
Ultrasound right upper quadrant were recorded before and upon treatment
completion.The above mentioned methodology was followed and the study findings
were : Fasting blood sugar, low density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c)and total
cholesterol (TC) percentage improvements in Group-II were statistically significant
(p-value<0.05). In both the groups serum Alanintransaminase (ALT) declined
significantly, in the Nigella sativa tablets treated Group-II the reduction was almost 2
fold (48% vs. 26.4%). On ultrsonography a statistically significant reversal of fatty
liver was found only in the Nigella sativa tablets treated Group-II (p-value<0.05).
As an ad-on therapy tablets Nigella sativa was found effective in fatty liver
disease. Nigella sativa tablets has shown significant results especially in diabetic and
dyslipidemic patients. |
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