Evolving United States-India Strategic Partnership: Implications for Pakistan (1991-2016)

Abstract

E.H Carr said, History is subject to geology Every day, the sea encroaches somewhere upon the land, or the land upon the sea. Only change is the phenomena which remained existing and everything else i.e. cities, societies etc. disappears and replaced by new ones. In sub-continent the 19th /20th centuries scattered the civilization. The fall of Mughal Empire and war of independence (1857) badly effected the society and British Government deliberately took the step to divide the people to rule. When two independent states (Indo-pak) created, violence, hatred and looting were witnessed across the country & over 5 million people were massacred and some 12 million displaced. In this situation every field of life disturbed including Urdu fiction. Intizar Hussain had completed his graduation before partition. He had been witnessed the great civilization which was based on equality, love, peace and brotherhood. This was thousands years old which was result of Bhuda's education, Hinduism philosophy of Non-Violance (Ehnsaa) and Mughals balanced state policies. Intizar went through the experience of migration. He wrote his first short story "Qayuma ki dukan" (The shop of Qayuma) in 1948 and keep it continued up to his last breath. In almost 68 years, he wrote hundreds short stories and five novels in which he portrayed the lost values, culture and civilization. He never ever forgot the history while creation of fiction. Intizar hussain had the quality and capacity to recall the ancient times and relate them with present situation, that's why I chose the topic "Intizar Hussain's Sense of history & Civilization". In Urdu fiction after Aziz Ahmad, Qurat ul Ain Haider, he no doubt is third one who successfully narrated the historicity. I (with the consultation of my supervisor Dr. Sadia Tahir) divided my thesis into five Chapters as: In First Chapter, Various ideologies of history and civilization have been discussed. Efforts are also made to explore the relations of history, civilization and literature. Why various elements of culture are important for creation of literature, this print also remained significant in the thesis. In chapter No. 2 Ratan Nath Sarshar's novel Fasana e Azad discussed in the context of Indian civilization. Than Hadi Ruswa, Deputy Nazir Ahmed, Prem Chand, Aziz Ahmed, Ahsan Farooqui, Jamila Hashmi, Khudija Mastoor, Qurat-ul-Ain Haidar and Abdullah Hussain's Novel have been seen critically in this regard. All these writers put the responsibility on invadors (Colonialism) who deshaped the Indian society. Short story writers from beginning upto the 20th century end (i.e. Sajjad Yaldram, Rashid kheri, Hayatullah Ansari, Akhtar Hussain Rai puri, Ghulam Abbas, Saadat Hassan Manto, etc. unanimously agreed upon the causes of diaspora. I tried my best to high light the points which strengthen my view point. In third chapter Intizar Hussain's Novel discussed in light of the topic. His emphasis always remain on ancient civilization. He loves to elaborate Natures organs i.e. Jungles, Trees, Rivers, Animals, Fruits, Fairs, Custams, Values etc. which was the beauty of world's one of the greatest civilization. He made the attempt to trace out the causes of down fall. He delibratly adopted the style of old/new testament, and Hindu-Muslim Sacred Books and stories. Intizar Hussain narrated the Human tragedy which changed the psyche of the people of sub-continent. He also pen pictured the post-colonial situation which according to him became the worst instead of ideal one. The dream of freedom though was wonderfull but when it resulted in desperation, literature took it as main topic. Fifth Chapter contains his eight collections of short stories. Hindustan, in history, always remain soft target for invadors. From Arians to British many warriors came and looted the peaceful native civilized people. Their peace loving is evident from this fact that in Mohen- Jo-Daro everything has been explored except weapons. This land experienced many battles and troubles from Mahabharat to War of independence (1857) but it kept all the people (including its enemy) together. But colonial power sowed the seed of hatred in the minds of locals. The common people let them on the mercy of destiny. Science and technology (Modernism) replaced the values (spiritualism). Intizar Hussain has firm belief that the main weapon of south Asian people was spiritual values which always proved deterrence against every attack. When they forgot it or sold it at the cost of industrial progress they not only divided their own society but also lost their individual identity. In last chapter, efforts have been made to explore the sense of Intizar Hussain which he used in his fiction regarding history and civilization. He never ever avoid the past even for a moment. He is of the view that the 1857 incident was a turning point which changed the angles of thoughts. He also criticized the political leadership who failed to know the hidden agenda of the British Government.