Abstract:
Community participation with broader institutional support plays a critical role
in making development effective, efficient and sustainable. It offers more powers
and control over decisions and resources and helps in making development more
inclusive. In Pakistan, history of participatory approaches in government led
development has not been encouraging and overall development has been
driven by centralized conventional approaches. The Local Government
Ordinance, 2001 (LGO, 2001) offers an institutional framework in the form of
Citizen Community Boards (CCBs) for promoting participatory development
through active involvement of the communities. It necessitates conducting
research to determine the performance of CCBs in achieving their objectives and
to identify the shortcomings, if any, in the system that governs their functions.
The research aims to evaluate the performance of institutionalized CCBs in
promoting participatory development in Pakistan. The research adopted a
pragmatic blend of qualitative and quantitative methods which include review of
the literature to establish an evaluation frame suiting the country context by
taking Multan Region as a case study. The analysis is primarily based upon the
prevailing practices of selected CCBs and their projects covering different
sectors, in-depth interviews conducted with the stakeholders and the survey of
the project beneficiaries.
In general, the study has revealed many discrepancies in the functioning of
CCBs. The existing practices are devoid of understanding about the spirit and
rationale behind participatory development approach. The cases studied
revealed that different actors were using CCBs platform for their vested interests
which is clearly borne out from the nature of projects and implementation
mechanism. This tended to adversely affect the concept of participatory
development in the region. Never-the-less a limited number of cases where
community participation was ensured had successfully achieved the
development goals. This in turn created precedent of healthy and positive impact
and best practices accrued to participatory development in the region. The
factors hindering the performance of CCBs identified by the study include lack of
awareness, limited access to authorities, threat from and dominance of elite class,
lack of enthusiasm and capacity among local government officials, political
differences, difficulties in collection of funds, lack of capacity of CCBs, lack of
transparency, weak monitoring system and inefficient role of support
organizations in improving CCBs performance. The study further revealed that
technical projects could not be implemented without adequate support of
experts. This factor paved way for the inclusion of contractors in the projects
designing and implementation who ultimately hijacked the projects pushing
aside the CCBs and dragging the system into the conventional approaches. The
empirical evidence clearly demonstrated that participatory development though
looked good, in practice suffered because of vested interests.
On the whole, research concluded that the institutionalized participatory
development through CCBs could not flourish in Pakistan. Nevertheless, the
study collected evidence that participatory development approach has lot of
potential under the Local Governments System provided the impediments
including the elements undermining this concept are removed. The study’s
recommendations, inter alia, include establishment of a broad-based institutional
framework and procedure for accomplishment of CCBs’ activities.