Abstract:
It is an established fact that genetic disorders are one of the most important threats to
human health. Several genetic disorders have been described clinically but their etiology
is still unidentified and mysterious. The molecular basis for most of them is also
unknown. With the advancement in the field of molecular biology different powerful
techniques have been developed to understand the molecular basis of hereditary
disorders. This would help in the subsequent identification of causative genes and
mutations.
Blindness and visual impairment due to genetic disorders are more common in
developing countries like Pakistan than in developed countries. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)
is a major form of incurable blindness affecting one out of 4000 people worldwide. This
highly heterogeneous disease has numerous inheritance patterns with the end result of
partial to complete irreversible blindness. Another ocular disorder called fundus
albipunctatus (FAP) also has some symptoms similar to RP like night blindness. In FAP
this night blindness occurs in childhood but it remains stationary and day vision is not
affected as in the case of RP where constriction of day vision occurs gradually.
The present study was aimed to analyze families with ocular disorder. Families with
autosomal recessive hereditary retinitis pigmentosa were used for mapping the disease
genes and mutations. Seven consanguineous unrelated families (RP8, RP9, RP11, RP12,
RP13, RP14 and RP16) with inherited RP were ascertained from different regions of
Pakistan. The mode of inheritance in all families was inferred as autosomal recessive.
The strategy used for this study was candidate gene approach. Linkage analysis was
performed by PCR using STR (short tandem repeats) microsatellite markers for the
known loci/genes. Direct sequencing (next generation sequencing) of the PCR products
was carried out for identification of pathogenic mutations.
In the present study linkage to crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) gene on chromosome 1q31.3
was confirmed in family RP12. A novel missense mutation in human CRB1 gene has
been found after sequence analysis of exon 6 of the CRB1 gene at nucleotide position
xx
1459 (c.1459T>C). At protein level this mutation resulted in a substitution of proline for
serine at amino acid 487 (p.Ser487Pro). It was inferred that mutation in this gene is
strong enough to cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa.
After the initial screening of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa loci for family
RP13, it was evident that there was no involvement of retinitis pigmentosal loci in the
disease phenotype and it was a rare case of fundus albipunctatus, with RDH5 gene defect
as the underlying cause. The family RP13 showed linkage to retinol dehydrogenase 5
(11-cis/9-cis) RDH5 gene after homozygosity mapping. A novel missense mutation at
nucleotide position 602 (c.602 C>T) was identified after next generation sequencing of
exon 4 of the RDH5 gene .This mutation resulted in substitution of phenylealanine for
serine at amino acid 201 (p.Ser201Phe) of the RDH5 gene. The mutations in RDH5
gene are related to fundus albipunctatus (FAP). This is an exceptional form of stationary
night blindness, it was deduced that mutation in this gene was responsible for autosomal
recessive FAP in this family. The family RP14 showed exclusion to all the known genes
and loci of RP. It was inferred that a novel locus/gene is responsible for causing RP in
this family. The strongest candidate gene was RY2R which was earlier involved in cardiac
disorder. Fine mapping in future would confirm the involvement of this gene in RP.
Four families (RP8, RP9, RP11 and RP16) with some of the common selected loci/gene
showed heterozygosity for the different combinations of the parental alleles in both
affected and normal individuals after the linitial linkage. This heterozygosity confirmed
exclusion to five selected known loci or genes on different chromosomes associated with
autosomal recessive RP. Since many genes and loci are involved in this disease and
genotyping using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a time taking
and laborious method so commonly found genes in RP were initially selected which
showed exclusion.On the basis of these exclusions it was inferred that a novel locus/gene
or mutation is involved in these families which could be identified by SNP affymetrix
array technique and sequencing. Many loci/genes/mutations are yet to be identified for
this phenotype. It would be helpful in future to understand the disease prognosis. This
research will also provide a smooth way for carrier screening, genetic counseling and
prenatal diagnosis. This study may help gaining insight into the genetic causes underlying
these disorders, to improve the clinical management and prevention.