Abstract:
Purpose of this study was to evaluate the consequences of short term (28 days)
exposure to low (0.5mg/kgb.wt.) and high (1mg/kg b.wt.) doses of Cadmium and
Selenium alone and in combination on alternate days on the reproductive system of
adult male Sprague Dawely rats. In the present study, low and high doses of
Cadmium or Selenium on alternate days (for 28 days) did not effected weekly body
weight of rats significantly while Cd+Se treatment caused significantly reduction in
weekly body weight compared to control. Cadmium and Selenium treatments on
alternate days, alone and in combination showed no significant effect on testicular
weight at both dose levels. Present study found that testicular width and length was
not affected by low dose of all treatments, but mean testicular width and length was
significantly decreased in high dosed Cadmium and Cd+Se groups. In the present
study, epididymis weight was not effected by Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se in both
low and high dosed groups compared to control whereas epididymal length was not
effected by any treatment in low dose group, but at high dose level individual
treatment with Cadmium and Selenium caused significant reduction in epididymal
length compared to control. In this investigation, at low dose level vas deferens
weight and length was not affected by all the three treatments while vas deferens
width was decreased by Cadmium treatment and other two treatments showed no
effect on width of vas deferens at this dose level. In high dosed group, significant
reduction was found in vas deferens weight and length by Cadmium, Selenium and
Cd+Se treatments compared to control, while vas deferens width was decreased by
Cadmium and Cd+Se treatment compared to control.
Histological study of testicular sections showed that Cadmium alone and in
combination caused irregular thickening of tunica and widening of interstitium in the
present study, Leydig cell nuclear diameter was not effected by Cadmium treatment
at low level, but significantly increased by Selenium and Cd+Se treatment compared
to control. In high dosed group, micrometric analysis showed significant decrease in
leydig cell nuclear diameter in Cadmium and Cd+Se treated group compared to
control, while Selenium treatment caused no effect on this dose level on nuclear
diameter of leydig cells. Sertoli cell nuclear diameter was significantly decreased by
Cadmium treatment at low dose level compared to control, while Selenium and
Cd+Se treatment showed no effect on Sertoli cell nuclear diameter at this dose level.
In high dosed groups, reduction in Sertoli cell nuclear diameter was significantly
caused by Cadmium and Cd+Se treatment compared to control. In the present
investigation, nuclear diameter of spermatogonia was not effected by low dosed
Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se groups, while at high dose, all the treatments caused
highly significant decrease in nuclear diameter of spermatogonia. Nuclear diameter of
primary spermatocyte was significantly decreased by Cadmium and Cd+Se treatment
at both low and high dose level while, Selenium treatment did not influenced nuclear
diameter of primary spermatocyte at low and high dosage. Secondary spermatocyte
nuclear diameter was significantly reduced in both low and high dose groups with
Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se treated groups. In present study, Cadmium, Selenium
and Cd+Se treatment caused highly significant reduction in nuclear diameter of round
spermatid at low dose level, but at high dose level no effect on nuclear diameter of
round spermatids was found by Cadmium and Selenium individual treatments, while
in Cd+Se treatment significant decrease in nuclear diameter of round spermatid was
xviii
Abstract
obvious. Daily sperm production and its efficiency was significantly reduced by the
low and high dosed Cadmium and Selenium treated group compared to control. Co-
administration of both chemicals at low dose level resulted in highly significant
decrease in daily sperm production and its efficiency in rat, but at high dose level
surprisingly co-exposure showed no significant effect on daily sperm production and
its efficiency compared to control.
This study demonstrates that Cadmium treatment at low and high dose resulted in
significant decrease in mean serum cholesterol level. Individual treatment of
Selenium caused significant elevation in serum cholesterol level in low dosed group
while in high dosed treatment, no significant difference was observed compared to
control. Cd+Se at both doses caused no significant effect on serum cholesterol level
compared to control. Serum testosterone was significantly decreased by alone
treatment of Cadmium and Selenium in both dosed group while, Cd+Se at low dose
level caused no effect on serum testosterone concentration, while at high dose level
Cd+Se treatment resulted in highly significant decrease in serum testosterone levels
compared to control. Serum estradiole levels was significantly decreased in both low
and high dosed groups by all treatments. In the present study, serum LHRH
concentration was highly significantly increased by Cadmium and Cd+Se treatment
in both low and high dosed groups compared to control, while Selenium treatment in
both doses caused no effect on serum LHRH levels. Cadmium exposure at low dose
level did not influenced mean serum level of LH significantly but at high dose mean
serum LH level was decreased highly significantly. Selenium treatment in present
experiment showed no alteration in mean serum LH level at low dose level but
significant reduction in this gonadotropin serum level was noticed in high dose group.
Cd+Se treatment at low dose level caused significant elevation in serum LH levels
and significant decrease was noticed due to this treatment in high dosed group. In the
current research, serum FSH level was not significantly effected by all three
treatments in low dosed groups but in high dosed groups, serum FSH level was
significantly decreased by Cadmium and Selenium individual treatments and no
difference was observed in serum FSH level in Cd+Se treated group compared to
control.
In this investigation, epididymis caput and corpus tubule diameter was significantly
decreased by Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se treatments compared to control in both
low and high dosed groups. Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se treatments in high dosed
groups caused significant increase in caput epithelial height compared to control.
Epithelial height in corpus was significantly increased by all treatments in both low
and high dosed experiments. In cauda epididymis, tubule diameter was decreased by
Cadmium and Cd+Se treatment in both low and high dosed groups but individual
treatment of Selenium resulted in significant increase in tubule diameter in both high
and low dosed experiments. Epithelial height in cauda epididymis was significantly
increased by individual treatment of Cadmium and decreased by Selenium while
Cd+Se caused no effect compared to control in low dosed group. In high dosed
group, Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se caused significant increase in cauda epithelial
height compared to control.
DNA status in epididymal sperm was analysed by single cell gell electrophosis.
Comet length, comet height and head diameter was significantly increased by
xix
Abstract
Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se treatment compared to control. %DNA in head, tail
length, %DNA in tail, tail moment and olive moment were not effected by all the
treatments at this dose level. In high dosed experiment, Cadmium treatment resulted
in significant reduction in %DNA in head and significant increase in %DNA in tail,
tail moment and olive moment. Selenium treatment at this dose level caused highly
increased comet length, comet height, head diameter, tail length and decrease in olive
moment compared to control. Cd+Se treatment resulted in significant increase in tail
moment and reduction in olive moment compared to control. Concluding, at low
dose level all treatments effected sperm DNA but the increase in comet length, comet
height and head diameter by Selenium treatment was more pronounced. In high dosed
group, highest effect of Cadmium treatment on %DNA in head, %DNA in tail, tail
moment and olive moment was noticed.
Vas deferens diameter and muscular thickness was significantly reduced by
Cadmium, Selenium and Cd+Se treatments in both low and high dosed groups,
whereas vas deferens epithelial height was increased by individual treatment of
Cadmium and Selenium treatments in low dosed group. In high dosed group,
epithelial height of vas deferens was increased by Cadmium and Cd+Se treatments
compared to control. In the present study in both low and high dosed groups, dose
dependent increase in Cadmium deposition was noticed in testes, epididymus and vas
deferens of Cadmium and Cd+Se treated groups compared to control.
In the present study, Selenium level was significantly increased in testes of Cadmium,
Selenium and Cd+Se treated groups in low dose experiment, while high Selenium
deposition was observed in testes of Cadmium and Selenium treated groups compared
to control in high dose experiment with no effect in Cd+Se treated group in Selenium
testicular levels at high dose level. However the highest deposition of Selenium was
noticed in Selenium treated group of low dose experiment. In epididymis significantly
high deposition of Selenium was noticed in Selenium and Cd+Se treated groups of
low dose experiment whereas in high dose experiment significantly higher deposition
of Selenium was obvious in epididymis of only Selenium treated group compared to
control. Highest deposition was noticed in epididymis of high dosed Selenium group.
Significantly high Selenium concentration was found in vas deferens of Selenium
treated group at low dose level compared to control while in high dose experiment,
significantly high levels of Selenium was deposited in Cadmium, Selenium and
Cd+Se treated groups.
Concluding, Cadmium act as reproductive toxicants in this study either given alone or
in combination for 28 alternate days to adult rat. Cadmium treatments altered the
function and structure of testes, epididymes and vas deferens adjusted through
changed levels of serum gonadotrophins, estradioled and testosterone, eventually
effecting the fertility status in male. This study also disclosed that both chemicals
have toxic effects on sperm DNA integrity.