Abstract:
Plant response to the altered environmental conditions usually includes initiations of
several defense mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the heat shock proteins (HSPs)
production, a universal response. Chloroplast small heat shock proteins (Cp-sHSPs) are
known to protect Photosystem II under stress conditions in plants. Cp-sHSPs production
is positively correlated with the plant thermotolerance. While the protective role of HSPs
has been greatly recognized against several physiological stresses such as heat, metals,
cold and different developmental stages individually or in different combinations. Recent
progress in this field has revealed unique aspects of regulations of these genes under
stress. Cis-regulatory elements present in promoter regions with the combinations of
several factors dictate the gene expression levels and specific patterns. Not much is
known about the regulation and mechanism of action of Cp-sHSP genes in plant
protection.
We analyzed four novel promoters of Chenopodium album (two US ecotypes) Cp-sHSPs
for the presence of putative cis-regulatory motifs (Shakeel et al., 2011). Interestingly we
found more than one cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of these Ca-sHSPs
and based on this unique promoter architecture, we proposed a differential regulation of a
single Ca-sHSP gene under variety of different abiotic stresses including heat, metal,
cold, drought and salt stresses individually.
To analyze the Ca-sHSP gene expression patterns under different abiotic stress
conditions, we treated C. album (Pakistani ecotype) plants at different abiotic conditions
and initially studied the effect of above mentioned stresses on physiology of the plants.
On the basis of physiological data, we decided the lower and upper limits of stress
conditions for further analyses of Ca-sHSPs. Stress induced transcripts of Ca-sHSP genes
were sequenced individually and analyzed; our data showed that one novel Cp-sHSP
family member, CaHSP26.13p is regulated differently under different abiotic stresses.
This observation was based on 100% amino acid sequence similarities among these
transcripts.
Expression of Chloroplast Small Heat Shock Proteins of C. album under Different
Abiotic Stresses
Relative abundance of transcript and protein levels was determined by real-time PCR
analysis and immunoblotting of C. album leaf samples treated with and without stress
conditions. Antibodies specific to methionine rich region were used for Cp-sHSPs
detection by immunoblotting. Interestingly we detected 1-2 bands of precursor and
processed Cp-sHSP proteins (~26 and 21KDa) depending upon the stress conditions,
while only precursor protein (~26KDa) with differential expression was detected in all
types of treatments suggesting the role of single Ca-sHSP in plant protection under heat,
metal, cold, drought and salt stress. Due to the absence of correlation between transcript
and protein levels in most of these cases, we speculate some role of post-transcriptional
regulation in plant protection by this mechanism. This study demonstrates multiple roles
of single C. album Cp-sHSP in variety of environmental conditions by differential
regulation and can be used to develop stress tolerant plant species to face the challenge of
next decade.
The data presented here has been published in the following articles.
1.
Samina Shakeel, Noor Ul Haq, Scott A. Heckathorn, E. William Hamilton, Dawn
S. Luthe (2011). Ecotypic variation in chloroplast small heat-shock proteins and
related thermotolerance in Chenopodium album. Plant Physiology and
Biochemistry 49: 898-908.
2.
Noor Ul Haq, Sana Raza, Dawn S. Luthe, Scott A. Heckathorn, Samina N Shakeel
(2012). Dual role for Chenopodium album chloroplast small heat shock protein:
Photosystem II protection from heat and metal stresses. Plant Molecular Biology
Reporter, DOI 10.1007/s11105-012-0516-5.
3.
Noor Ul Haq, Muhammad Ammar, Dawn S. Luthe, Scott A. Heckathorn, Samina
N Shakeel. Molecular characterization of Chenopodium album chloroplast small
heat shock protein and its expressions in response to different abiotic stresses.
(Submitted to Plant Cell Reports).